The Autocrat of the Banquet Table

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An extremely interesting study of the history and rituals of the Georgian supra and its tamada toastmaster-cum-dictator is available here as a pdf on Prof. Kevin Tuite's website.
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Petroglyphs

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The following are petroglyphs from Dano (Pirikiti Tusheti, Lela Tataraidze's village), photographed by Prof. Kote Tchrelashvili.

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Musical Instruments of Georgia

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khalkhuri hangebi ("national melodies")

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Maizer Gazdeliani, the director of the adila musical ensemble and a keen musician and instrument-maker, has created this website in association with the Tbilisi and Kutaisi State Museums. It includes detailed descriptions and photographs of all the different wind, string, percussion, keyboard etc. instruments used in Georgian folkloric music, as well as many regional variations thereof (check out the "four-tone concert panduri"!).

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A View of Zemo-Omalo

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A beautiful 360-degree View of Zemo-Omalo, the (old) "capital" of Tusheti, print-screened from the Tusheti National Park website (there is a link in the list on the right)
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Travel to Tusheti

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If you are thinking of travelling to Tusheti - this summer, perhaps - then I can recommend your employing "MN Georgien Travel". This company is run by Maia Veshaguridze, a "lamzur yeuH" ["pretty girl" in Bats] whom I met during my numerous stays in Zemo-Alvani.

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Without wanting to cast any doubt upon the professionalism and capability of the many other companies which offer tours to Tusheti, I feel sure that Maia - as a native Bats (i.e. Tush) - would be able to provide an additional "edge" to your stay in the region! Her company's best offer is a 10-day (walking, mostly) tour which would take you from Akhmeta in Kakheti up the Pankisi Gorge to Tbatana, over a c.3,000m pass to the source of the Alazani river, over another c.3,000m pass to Tsovata, from Tsovata along the Gometsari valley to Omalo, and then down from Tusheti over the Abanos pass (c.3,000m, again!), back down to Kakheti... an exhausting but unforgettable and truly AMAZING trip!

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Besides speaking Georgian, Tush Georgian(!), and a little Bats(!!), Maia is also fluent in German (she studied History in Hannover, and has spent many years in Germany), and one of her colleagues in the company speaks very good English.

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Her company's website is here. (I have also added a link; top right corner of this blog.) And should you wish to contact her, you can do so at: --contact--at--mngeorgientravel--dot--ge.

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Should you have any more questions about travelling to Georgia and - more specifically - to Tusheti or to Tsovata in order to meet the Bats people, I would be delighted to help!

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For an account of an English family's trip through Tusheti on horseback in the summer of 2008 (just before the war between Russia/South Ossetia and Georgia broke out... not that the fighting even got remotely close to the beautiful mountain scenery of Tusheti!), please go to this page, or go directly to their blog.

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The best time of the year during which to go to Tusheti is - unsurprisingly - summer, but not for the usual reasons (i.e. warm weather and plenty of sunny photographs): The [truly amazing] road to Tusheti - which begins in Georgia's eastern province of Kakheti, a three-hour drive from the capital Tbilisi - crosses into Tusheti over the 3,000m-high Abanos Pass. The pass is only open to cars from early June to mid- or late september, and is only open to the rugged local shepherds from late April to mid-October... Good drivers can be found in the villages of Kvemo- and Zemo-Alvani in Kakheti; one should expect to pay around 120 Georgian Lari (roughly 80$) for a one-way trip in a Soviet or Japanese 4x4; the drive from Kakheti to Omalo takes around 7 hours (for a mere 80km - this should give you some idea of the road conditions!).

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INDEX

PLEASE NOTE THAT I AM SLOWLY TRANSFERRING THIS BLOG TO ITS NEW HOME AT www.batsav.com.
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SOME OF THESE POSTS MAY ALREADY HAVE BEEN MOVED, AND SOME PHOTOGRAPHS OR OTHER IMAGES MAY NO LONGER BE VISIBLE

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For a general introduction to the Bats people, their history, culture, and language, please click here. I have also reproduced (in full) a lengthy article on the Bats written by Prof. Roland Topchishvili from the University of Tbilisi, which can be read here.

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For photographs - old and new - this page would be an excellent place to start. There are many other photographs on this website: More historic images, and some recent photographs taken in Tsovata, others taken by my friend Pridoni Beroshvili.
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To see a composite, annotated satellite image of the Tsovatatistsqali Valley, the ancestral homeland of the Bats people, please click here.
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To read about a festival called "Zezwaoba-Dalaoba", which involves a dramatic horse race, please visit this page, and for more information on Bats/Vainakh/Caucasian horses and horsemanship, please click here.
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I have also translated a very interesting chapter about the traditional "doghi" funerary horse races, i.e. a horse race like that held to mark the anniversary of the death of Zezwa Prindauli (see Zezwaoba), which you can read here. More information on animal symbolism in funeral ceremonies and monuments can be found on these two pages - one is dedicated to a pair of horse-shaped tombstones still standing in situ south-west of Tbilisi in Georgia, and the other to a pair of eastern Anatolian ram-shaped tombstones held by the archaeological museum in Diyarbakir.

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For information on Caucasian languages:
1. A Table outlining the 37 Caucasian languages and their corresponding 123 dialects
2. Their numbers (of speakers) and geographical distribution
3. Their phylogenies (i.e. their "family trees"): South Caucasian ("Kartvelian"), (North-)West Caucasian ("Abkhaz-Adyghe"), and (North-)East Caucasian ("Nakho-Daghestanian")
4. A Table showing some linguistic isoglosses among Caucasian Languages
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Robert Chenciner (of Eastern Caucasological fame) kindly asked me to publish his notes on the feast of Wastyrdjy, or the Feast of St. George as celebrated in North Ossetia. His blow-by-blow (or, rather, toast-by-toast!) account of the feasting and religious rituals makes for a fascinating read!
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Mr Chenciner has also sent me a digital copy of a book on the Andi people of Daghestan, published in Makhachkala in 2002. I plan to slowly edit and publish several extracts from this book here on my blog. The first installment is a copy of the Adat (laws) of the Andi, as well as a text concerned with the levying of tribute by the Andi upon a neighbouring village.
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I have also published a short post and links to various works of Prof. Shorena Kurtsikidze and Prof. Vakhtang Chikovani, who are both experts in the ethnography of the Caucasus - particularly of Khevsuerti-Pshavi and the surrounding area. There is an amazing series of photographs taken by Prof. Chikovani on the website of the Phoebe Hearst Museum of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley, and a very interesting pdf article written by both profs on the ethnography of the Pankisi Gorge in northern Georgia.
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For information on Caucasian rugs and kilims, please read this post.
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For information on how to travel to Georgia without flying(!), please click here. I also have a small post on the abandoned railway project which was to link Georgia and Chechnya. It seems that quite a few people end up on this blog when searching for ways of travelling between Turkey and Georgia, so I have written down a few recommendations on how to go from Trabzon to Batumi and Tbilisi.
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I have also translated (from the French!) some Vainakh i.e. Chechen and/or Ingush etc. legends, such as:
1. The Hordune-Din ("The Sea Stallion")
2. The Seven Sons of the Snow-storm (an Ingush [Nart] Prometheus)
3. The Star of the Winds (or how it came to be that winds blow in the mountains)
4. Pharmat, "The Blacksmith of the Country" (another Promethean legend)
5. A list of Vainakh divinities.
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I have also just compiled a small bibliography of works relating to the Caucasus, which can be found here.
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The Deutsches Museum in Munich has a scale model (1:10) of an Ossetian brewery, built according to descriptions of the famous traveller and caucasologist Adolf Dirr, which I have copied here.
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Et specialement pour vous les Francais, j'ai mis en ligne la traduction francaise du "stumar-maspindzeli" ("L'Hote et l'Invite") et du "gvelis tchamieli" ("Le Mangeur de serpent") de Vazha Pshavela, traduit par Gaston Bouatchidze.
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For Google Earth fans, I have uploaded downloadable ".kmz" files to my blog showing all the villages of Khevi (a.k.a Kazbegi), Pshavi, and Khevsureti (including Arkhoti), as well as a highly-detailed Soviet military map of Pshavi.
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I have also copied and compiled some very interesting demographic figures on the population of Khevsureti which I found in Sergi Makalatia's Khevsureti (Komunistis Stamba, Tbilisi: 1935).
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I uploaded a song in Bats/Tsova-Tush to YouTube which I filmed in Zemo Alvani.
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Kevin Tuite from the University of Montreal let me copy his interview with Pilipe Baghiauri - tav-khevisberi (chief priest) of the Pshav commune of Gogolaurta in Georgia.
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Dr. Mamardashvili from the National Museum in Tbilisi kindly gave me (low-resolution, alas!) copies of the Museum's ethnographic maps of Tusheti, Qvara-Tianeti, and Piraketa- and Pirikita-Khevsureti.
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Prof. George Hewitt from SOAS let me reproduce his article entitled The Russian Academy and the Caucasus in the XVIIIth Century, which contains some very interesting information on the first academics to study the Caucasus and its peoples in detail.
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Prof. Tuite also passed on to me a catalogue of the collection of Mirian Khutsishvili's ethnographic films, which he filmed all over Georgia. The catalogue comprises Prof. Tuite's descriptions of all the films. Mirian Khutsishvili - who started filming in the 1950s - still works for the Georgian National Museum in Tbilisi, and is a remarkable man!
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I have also copied the sections relevant to the Caucasus of the UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.
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I also created a post entitled "Through Foreign Eyes - The Bats/Tsova and the Tush in Ethnographical Literature", where I copy all the references to them I have come across in the many books I have read.
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Please bear in mind that you can return to this Index page (and indeed to any other particular entry) by using the "menu" on the right-hand side!
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And feel free to contact me at --alexjtb--at--gmail--dot--com--! Any comments or suggestions would be VERY MUCH APPRECIATED! If you leave comments on this blog without logging into Blogger, please make sure to include your email address, as I will not be able to reply if it is hidden.

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Cette page EN FRANCAIS - "Chauves-souris" se refere forcement au peuple Bats...
Diese Seite AUF DEUTSCH Die "Fledermaeuse" sind selbstverstaendlich das Batsische Volk...
Ver esta página EN ESPANOL Con "murciélago" se refiero obviamente al pueblo de los Bats y no al murciélago...
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Dadaloba 2008

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Sheltering from the Sun in Indurta during Dadaloba

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The annual "dadaloba" festival of the Bats people will take place in Tsovata in late July/early August. (The word comes from the Nakh "dal", "god", with the added Kartvelian "-oba" suffix meaning "the day of".) Drinking and toasts will start early in the morning - "as usual", cynics will say - and two horse races will be held around midday, before all join in a long and memorable feast! (Please see this previous post for photographs of last year's festival.)

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Last year, about a hundred people showed up, most of them Tchaghma-Tush and other Georgians from the lowlands. One small group of men arrived on foot from a side valley; I was told that they had walked all the way from distant Alvani, a three day journey up the Pankisi Gorge and past Alaznis Tavi i.e. the source of the Tushetis Alazani river. (This route is the old road to Tusheti, which was used before the new, motorable road was built from Pshaveli in the early 1960s.) All were dressed in normal clothes and city shoes, and one of them carried a little bread in a plastic bag... They must have been as tough as old boots!

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The feast was held on the valley floor itself, between two parallel lines of stones, which have probably been lying there for that purpose for centuries, and consisted of mutton cooked in several different ways (boiled, boiled then fried, etc.), and some vegetables brought up from the lowlands, along with a little bread and endless jerrycans of wine. Needless to say, one does not attend this festival for these culinary delights... Best to wait for the following day, when fresh "khinkali" dumplings (akin to large ravioli) are prepared en masse.

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The Supra (feast) to mark Dadaloba, with the Men's Khati (church) in the Background
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The Author's route will surely be the same as that followed last year, viz. First travel to Zemo-Alvani from Tbilisi, and the following day join others in a "Tush Taxi" i.e. a sturdy 4x4 driven by a grinning madman, to fight our way up the appalling road over the Abanos Pass (c.3,000m) all the way to Djvarboseli via Omalo and the Tushetis Alazani valley. Having spent an extremely comfortable night in the Djvarboseli guesthouse, one must walk the remaining few kilometres to Tsovata, which takes about a day.

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Tusheti as seen from the Abanos Pass

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FRANCAIS DEUTSCH ITALIANO ESPANOL ETC.

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Thanks to "Google Translate", the entire blog (or individual posts) can be translated!

Pour voir ce site en Francais, cliquez ici!

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The Gods of the Vainakh

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The following is a list of Vainakh divinities - from "Amaga-erda", the protector of lakes, to the "Votshabi", the spirits which watch over herds of aurochs. This list was copied from Mariel Tsaroieva's amazing Anciennes Croyances des Ingouches et des Tchétchènes ("Ancient Beliefs of the Ingush and the Chechens", published in 2005), which I found in a remainders bookshop in Brussels today. Ms Tsaroieva is of Ingush origin, and holds a PhD in History of Religion from the prestigious Institut National des Langues et Civilizations Orientales in Paris. A former teacher of romance linguistics at the state universities of Chechnya-Ingushetia and Kyrgyzstan, she has published many articles and books on folklore and "geolinguistics", both in Russian and in French.

The list reads as follows:

The Gods of the World

"diala" – the god-father

"tusholi" – the goddess-mother

"kurkhars" or "tshugul" – the hairstyle of Ingush women

"tq’a" – the god of the universe

"nana latta" – mother earth

"h’al-erda" – the sky-god

"mago-erda" – the god of magic and of wisdom and knowledge

"eshtar" – the god of the afterlife

The Astral Divinities

"malkha" – the sun-god

"but’ " – the moon-god

The Gods of Nature

"seli" – the god of (thunder-)storms and lightning

"dardza-nana" – the goddess of snowstorms

"mikha-nana" – the goddess of the winds

"khi-nana" – the goddess of rivers and springs

"amaga-erda" – the protector of lakes

"hagar-erda" or "hirga-erda" – the aurochs-god or the rock-god

"amgali-erda" and "saniba-erda" – the tribal gods

"kherkh-erda" – the god of fruit-trees (also protector of great trees, with the "naj-gantskhoi", the spirits which protect "naj", "oak trees")

The Gods of Various Domains of Rural Life

"elta" – the god of hunting

"votshabi" – the spirits which protect herds of aurochs

The “Masters of the Woods” and their daughters or sisters, the "almas"

"tamij-erda" – the god of stock-breeding

"mat-tseli" – the god of agriculture and of justice and equality

"matir-diala" or "matar-diala" – the god of haymaking

"mats-khali" – the god of renewal (of crops)

"boalam-diala" – the god of plants (vegetation) and of travellers

The Gods of Social Life

"susan-diala" – the protector of women and of maternity (i.e. the protector of mothers)

"agoi" – the protector of girls

"orkhus" or "orkhush" – the god of fecundity and procreation

"dika-seli" – the god of goodness and kindness

"arda" – the god of boundaries (or of boundary-markers?) and of clan possessions

The Gods of Work and Handicrafts

"sela-sata" – the protector of handicrafts and know-how

"p’harmat" – the blacksmith-god

"malar-erda" – the god of intoxicating drinks (i.e. the god of alcohol)

"moloz" – the god of war

The Gods of Disease

"una-nana" – the goddess of contagious diseases

"higiz" or "hegiz" – the goddess of smallpox

Some Forgotten Gods of Antiquity

"ami" and "h’ur-ami" or "fur-ami" – perhaps the god of good tidings and the goddesses of the winds, respectively

"baini-seli" – the god of agriculture, perhaps, now replaced by "mat-tseli"; apparently related to the Georgian Mokhevi (i.e. the inhabitants of the Khevi, the valley of the Terek between the Djvari Pass and the Daryal Gorge)

"falkhan" – probably related to Mago-erda, the god of wisdom and knowledge

"suvsa" – probably the ancient goddess-mother

"sampai-tsuge" or "siampai-tsuoge" – probably the ancient god of trees or of forests; sometimes worshipped as the rain-god

"mizir" - ?

"miq’al" - ?

"ralo" - ?

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Robert Bleichsteiner

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Prof. Robert Bleichsteiner was a noted ethnographer and anthropologist, whose fields of research and expertise were the Orient and the Caucasus.

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He was the Director of the Museum für Völkerkunde in Vienna, but his career had rather extraordinary beginnings, during the First World War: Bleichsteiner twice visited a prisoner-of-war camp (Kriegsgefangenlager Eger, in northern Bohemia), where he collected many myths, legends, songs, expressions, riddles, etc. among the Russian prisoners of war, particularly among those from the Caucasus. (This research was published as Gesänge Russischer Kriegsgefangener - the third volume deals exclusively with the Caucasus.)

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Bleichsteiner wrote many articles and books - on Georgia, Tibet, Caucasian languages, etc. - but surely his most unusual and amazing contribution to learning was the incredible Roßweihe und Pferderennen im Totenkult der kaukasischen Völker ("The Consecration and Racing of Horses in the Funerary Cults of the Peoples of the Caucasus"), which appeared in the fourth volume of the Wiener Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte und Linguistik ("Viennese Contributions to Cultural History and Linguistics"), published in Vienna in 1936.

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The saddled horse in the background awaits the soul of its deceased master to take him to Paradise.
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For more information on equestrian funerary cults and the roles played by horses during funerals, please go to these two previous posts: "A Batsbi Poem and Some Notes on Horses and Horsemanship" and "The Batsbi way of Death".

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The Tsar's Photographer in the Caucasus

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The following photographs were taken in the wider Caucasus region by Sergei Mikhailovitch Prokudin-Gorskii (1863-1944), a former chemist-turned-photographer who had been commissioned by Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia, to document the many notable places and peoples which made up the vast Russian empire. The photographs are part of the Prokudin-Gorskii photographic archive, which is the responsibility of the Library of Congress in Washington.

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Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii (Murom, Russia, 1863 - Paris,1944)

Two Songs by Sandro Kavsadze

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[Please note: This post should be entitled "Three Songs by Sandro Kavsadze". I recently added a third song, "gutnuri" - a ploughing song from eastern Georgia - but I cannot rename the entire post for fear of making many different links redundant.]

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Sandro Kavsadze was one of Georgia's greatest singers. Born in 1874 in the village of Khovle (in the Kaspi district of Western Georgia), he was first taught to sing by his father, Grigoli Kavsadze, a priest. Later, Sandro continued to study song at the seminary in the town of Gori. His teacher there, Simon Goglichidze, was a renowned singer himself, and within a few years Kavsadze had become an expert, and had been designated Goglichidze's deputy and substitute. (A certain Iosep Djugashvili, later known as "Koba" and "Stalin", also studied in the seminary in Gori, and was a contemporary of Sandro's.)
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In 1893, after finishing his clerical studies, Kavsadze formed his own choir and performed concerts for charity; he also formed choirs in Tbilisi (in 1896) and Poti (in 1897). In 1911, Sandro left his group under the direction of his brother Mikheil, and moved to western Georgia. He formed several choirs there, in Satchkere, Tkibuli, Chiatura, Zestaponi, and Kutaisi, and Kavsadze also taught Georgian folk music in schools and high-schools. In all, he spent twenty years in the region of Imereti, where he made an enormous contribution to the revival of traditional music and folklore.
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Almost twenty years later, in 1930, Sandro was given the (rather Soviet) title of "Artistic Figure of Merit", and the thirtieth jubilee of his work was celebrated. In 1935 he was asked to move to Georgia's capital Tbilisi, where he was commissioned to set up and prepare an Eastern Georgian Folkloric Ensemble for the "Decade of Georgian Culture", an art and folklore festival which was to be held in Moscow.
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In 1937, Kavsadze and his ensemble travelled to Moscow, where they performed to great acclaim, winning an award. After the festival, a meeting was held in the Kremlin between the Politburo and all the festival's participants; this meeting gave rise to the following anecdote:
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The story has it that the festival's participants – singers, dancers, artistic directors, etc. – were gathered in the Kremlin's Georgievsk Hall, where they were nervously awaiting Stalin's arrival. At last, the Man Himself entered the room – A "hurrah!" resounded, but Stalin lifted up his hand to bid those gathered be silent. He looked around the room at length, clearly searching for someone. Everyone became anxious: Whom was he looking for?? What should they do?! At last, Stalin asked in a low voice "if Sandro was there." Everyone breathed a sigh of relief, and the crowd parted to form a passage: at one end, Stalin; at the other, Sandro. It was of course protocol that the person meeting Stalin should walk up to him, but Sandro didn't move – a clear slight to the Great Man. They stared at each other for a few seconds, surrounded by the stunned crowd. Stalin then took the first step, followed by Sandro, and they met in the middle of the room, and embraced each other. "You have not changed," said Stalin, giving Sandro a pat on the back. Sandro remained silent, and patted Stalin on the back. "Indeed, you have not changed," repeated Stalin, patting Sandro on the back again. They conversed in low voices, Stalin asking Sandro if there was anything He could do for him? "Give me your pipe," said Sandro – The pipe has been a Kavsadze family heirloom ever since.

After Moscow, Sandro and his ensemble were bidden to travel onwards to Leningrad (formerly St. Petersburg, and now St. Petersburg again). However, shortly after the festival, Sandro (by then 63 years old) fell ill, and was hospitalized in the Kremlin. Lying in the hospital, Sandro received a letter. On the envelope was written "To Comrade Alexandre Kavsadze, from Stalin." The letter read: "Greetings to Sandro! ["sandros gaumardjos!" in Georgian] I happened to learn from Egnatashvili that you are in the Kremlin hospital. This is bad news, but the doctors tell me that you will get better soon. If you need anything, please let me know, for I am ready to help you in any manner. May you live for a thousand years! Your Soso, 1937."
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Too ill to continue touring, Sandro remained in Moscow, and the Ensemble continued under the direction of his son, Davit Kavsadze (1907-1952). Having arrived in Leningrad, they repeated their success, and for his achievements Sandro was awarded an Order and was named "Honoured Artist of the Georgian [Soviet Socialist] Republic".
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Sandro returned to Tbilisi shortly afterwards, where he died on 12 June 1939. He was buried in the city's Vake cemetery, in Georgia's Pantheon.
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In 1986, the Russian "Melodiya" label re-issued 16 old recordings of Sandro Kavsadze and his Ensemble ("Sandro Kavsadze – Georgian Songs from the Archive", Melodiya M30―46085―86). I believe this record has itself been re-issued as a CD.
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Most of the songs on this record were recorded by Sandro and his Ensemble in Moscow in 1937, but the quality of several of Sandro's 1909 (London Gramophone Company?) recordings (of which there are four on this record) remains unsurpassed to this day, most particularly his solo renderings of an "Urmuli" – a Kakhetian cart-driver's song – and of "Mtao, gadmishvi" ("Let me pass, O Mountain"). The two are considered to be masterpieces.

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"mtao, gadmishvi", "Let me pass, O Mountain!"

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"urmuli" - this would have been sung by a carter on his way from Kakheti to Aghzevan (in Armenia) to buy salt. "Pull, ox, pull. Soon it will be day..."
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gaswie, xaro, gaswie,

sacaa gaTendebao...

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aRzevans wavals marilze,

aRzevans waval marilze,

marils movitan brolsao,

aRzevans waval marilze,

marils movitan brolsao,

jer dedas gadavexvevi,

jer dedas gadavexvevi,

merme Svilsa da colsao ...

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RmerTo, mec gadmamxedevi,

RmerTo, mec gadmamxedevi

erTxel wyalobis TvaliTao da...

RmerTo mec gadmamxedevi

erTxel wyalobis TvaliTa...

Torem [...]

col-Svilis codva-braliTa

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Harahali, harahalo! [a stylistic device – the Georgian equivalent of Alpine yodelling, perhaps; the meaning is unclear]

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Pull, ox, pull!

It will soon be day.

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Harahali, harahalo!

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I will go to fetch salt from Aghzevan [(?); somewhere in Armenia];

I will go to fetch salt from Aghzevan;

I will bring back rock-salt.

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I will go to fetch salt from Aghzevan;

I will bring back rock-salt.

First I will embrace my mother;

First I will embrace my mother,

Then my child and my wife.

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Harahali, harahalo!

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Lord, look upon me, too;

Lord, look upon me, too,

Once, with your benevolent gaze.

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Lord, look upon me, too,

Once, with your benevolent gaze.

Otherwise [...]

My family’s misfortune.

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Harahali, harahalo!

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"gutnuri", "Ploughing Song" from eastern Georgia
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muSa var da...

musha var da…

I am a worker, and…

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...kidec vici

…kidets vitsi

…therefore I know

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muSis gulSi Tu rac aris

mushis gulshi tu rats aris

what lies in the worker's heart.

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is uremSi gabmulia

is uremshi gabmulia

He is harnessed to the cart,

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qedmodrekiT rogorc xari

kedmodrekit rogorts khari

bowed like an ox.

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mis garujul Tma da tansa

mis garudjul tma da tansa

His tanned hair and body

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mudam asxams oflis Rvari

mudam askhams oplis ghvari

Are always dripping with sweat.

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Sromobs muSa Tan RiRinebs agondeba macxovari

shromobs musha tan ghighinebs agondeba matskhovari

The worker is toiling and singing and remembering Christ at the same time;

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agondeba da mxnevdeba

agondeba da mkhnevdeba

He is remembering [Christ], and this encourages him,

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da iseva Sromas nagrZobs

da iseva shromas nagrdzobs

And he continues to toil.

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agondeba da mxnevdeba

agondeba da mkhnevdeba

He is remembering [Christ], and this encourages him,

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da iseva Sromas nagrZobs

da iseva shromas nagrdzobs

And he continues to toil.

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da vinc uSromlada ylapavs

da vints ushromlada qlapavs

And those who eat without working,

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imaT mtrada mainc ar grZobs

imat mtrada maints ar grdzobs

He still doesn’t consider them his enemies

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muSa var da kidec vici

musha var da kidets vitsi

I am a worker and therefore I know

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muSis gulSi Tu rac aris

mushis gulshi tu rats aris

What lies in a worker's heart.

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is uRelSi gabmulia

is ughemshi gabmulia

He is bound to the yoke,

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qedmodrekiT rogorc xari

kedmodrekit rogorts khari

Bowed like an ox.

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The two songs were perhaps recorded in Tbilisi in 1909 by Franz Hampe, a sound engineer working for the Caucasus office of the London Gramophone Company. The LGC had an overseas office in Tbilisi from 1901 to 1918, and during this period succeeded in recording hundreds of songs from even the most remote regions of the Caucasus mountains.

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A CD entitled "Before the Revolution: A 1909 Recording Expedition in the Caucasus and Central Asia by the Gramophone Company", released by the Topic record label in 2002 and entirely compiled from material recorded by Franz Hampe and his colleagues at the London Gramophone Company, is available for purchase on the usual websites.

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The Caucasian recordings which feature on this CD are in many different languages: Ossetian, Chechen, Ingush, Kabard, Kumyk, Armenian, Georgian, and Azeri. The two Armenian songs are particularly outstanding. The CD is otherwise noteworthy for its numerous recordings of Sart melodies; the Sarts in question were a turkicized Iranian people living in the urban centres of Turkestan and the Ferghana valley. The answers.com entry on the Sarts is quite good, and there are some stunning photographs of Sarts in the Prokudin-Gorskii photography archive, such as this one:

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For more information on Mr Hampe and the exploits of the London Gramophone Company in the Caucasus and Central Asia, an excellent article by Will Prentice on the subject was published in the 23rd edition of Playback, the bulletin of the British Library's National Sound Archive.

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